Abd al Rahman Medina Molera *
 |
| Abd al Rahman Medina Molera |
Sultanate Nasri or Nazari Al-Andalus with its capital in Granada, stands as the last bastion of Andalusian sovereignty, before the Christian conquest lifelong crusade against the lands and towns of Al-Andalus. The issue and subsequent Moorish Moorish, have their origin in this ongoing crusade and originally promoted by the Franks and the Trinity Church of Rome motivated by the intention to "refound" the Roman Empire. This cross throws against the majority of the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, which overwhelmingly reject the dogmatic principles of the Council of Nicea and the new edition of Roman imperialism.
Moorish Andalusian Our history is still referred to at the end of the twentieth century, something colorful and exotic, considered as something alien and strange to a trunk Christianizing course that would eventually eject. The gradual and critical study of sources that researchers have been making bold as Dozy, Américo Castro and Ignacio Olague, among others, are suddenly revealing the weakness of the premises on which traditional tests were based on our history. Thanks to the studies of researchers such as those specifically noted, the old thesis that gave "immigration law" to Islam, together with a purported ephemeral influence our identity and culture is now impossible to sustain.
unitary currents, Arians, Donatists, Priscillianists, adoption, or Jewish, which professed most of the mainland people are going to propagate Islam and methodological maturity of Unitarianism, consistent with a process of almost three hundred years of evolution of ideas. Nothing mutations. Islam was the result of a long tradition purification unit in the East and West, the references we will be closer to communities and followers of Jesus of Nazareth unit. The Prophet Muhammad had not invaded the Arabian Peninsula with foreign troops to convince their countrymen. It had led to a civil revolution, a change of ideas. It was the same in the Iberian Peninsula, also in the rest of the Mediterranean world, where after the fall and dismemberment of the Roman Empire, it was possible large-scale military aggression, characteristic of very powerful empires. In those periods history were not any such undertaking expansionary. It was a revolutionary experience to structure the universe capable unit. Nothing more or less this has been the triumph of Islam.
well is located, the center of controversy at the time of displacement of the Roman Empire. From the fourth century, we are witnessing in the provinces of the Iberian Peninsula, dominated by Rome, especially in its southern part (the Betic-Carthaginians), as well as in North Africa (Tingitana-Mauritania), the emergence and outbreak of political events, currents of thought and spirituality unit without any comparison with what happened in the rest of the West, but were remarkably similar to that happened in the Roman provinces of Byzantium Asia: movements Nestorian, Monophysite, Arians, Gnostics, Jews, pagans, etc.
The former Betic-Carthage (Andalusia) and the Mediterranean coast, the most wealthy and educated at the time of the dismemberment of the West Roman Empire, also maintained close trade relations with Byzantium. This explains the military aid provided by Justinian, Emperor of the East, the Andalusians to keep invading Goths. Do not forget, was in the seventh century, some eighty years before the alleged invasion of the Arabs (711), when the Visigoths achieved during the administration of Sisebuto and Suintila, conquer the last remnants of resistance of the Andalusian and Byzantines. This will allow the understanding of many things. First, that the Christian Trinity in the Andalusian provinces was a minority phenomenon. Andalusia was closer in terms of historical, cultural, social and economic, to what existed in the African and Asian provinces administered by the Byzantine Empire. Prophetic traditions in the East, North Africa and the southern lands of the Iberian Peninsula were an insurmountable obstacle to Christian preaching of followers of Paul of Tarsus, the real founder of the Christian church, a difficult hurdle to Trinitarian dogma and doctrinal tenets. On the other hand, the teachings of Hellenistic philosophy, survivors and intellectual currents of pagan Gnosticism, especially in the cultivation of the Greco-Latin culture, created the same way, a strong defense of traditional customs and a massive obstacle to the penetration Paulinism theological poverty.
Conversely, the Donatist and especially Arianism, they found an appropriate way to develop in these provinces educated. Connects these moves in the prophetic traditions of the universe unit, were able to transmit the two unique elements of the message of Jesus of Nazareth. The first is the insistent reference, characteristic of the prophetic tradition, which calls for the social improvement of the law and the temple. The second, a message of universality based on the knowledge unit of existence and therefore the importance, capable of attracting the unitary, without violence, the masses of people until then attached to the cults and pagan traditions of thought. Enjoyed by all in addition to high methodological and documentary unit that impressed the most cultured and intellectual. Thus, the richest provinces and cultured in the Iberian Peninsula adhere to Unitarianism; while the poor and uneducated, under pressure from the edict of Constantine in Nicea, eventually some to accept part of Pauline Christianity. From this situation evolves Arian Unitarianism Unitarianism prophet of Islam, over the following centuries.
transmission prophetic of Jesus of Nazareth is not far from a messianic Christology, in fact there was a belief accepted and propagated by his disciples or by those who knew him. Almost all of the streams contained prophetic Messianic not involved in the Pauline sense, let alone the concept Hellenizing Christological. Very few which maintained a vague prospect of messianic, eschatological in any case, nothing at work in reality. Philo himself completely silenced messianic expectation. With regard to Jesus himself, almost entirely unknown their teachings, as different canonical or apocryphal gospels attributed to Jesus are intellectual panoply long after Jesus, as everyone knows, these gospels were developed by Pauline collective environment the synagogue, faced with the challenge of universalism, heavily influenced by the thought of Philo and theological poverty of Paul of Tarsus. Also Apollonius of Tyana, Plutarch, Plotinus and Hermetists be bridges between the contemporary Jewish thought and the need to embrace the so-called pagans, all in an envelope and general movement.
The prophetic tradition of Jesus refuses the revelation of Jesus as Messiah or Christ, and the foundation of any church. Paul was the only one claiming a messianic interpretation of life and death of Jesus on the Cross. Paul of Tarsus knew, as it appears in his writings, his teaching about life, death and resurrection of Jesus did not coincide directly with the community of disciples of Jesus in Jerusalem. But does not give up his attempt against to the direct disciples of Jesus. The Epistles of Paul are in part, the only documents "Christians" of the era, in which totally ignores the teaching of Jesus. Paul could not ignore the community of disciples in Jerusalem and perhaps some other Palestinian, detained in an oral or written, bits of Jesus' teaching. But they do not interest you, to the point that hardly gives a glimpse of something in his letters. Which brings us to say with all evidence, that it implies a conscious stance and calculated. Jesus' prophetic reality is an excuse for the Jew Paul, who is the only one who proclaims the resurrection as the act constituting the Messiahship of Jesus (Romans I, 2-4, Thessalonians I, 10). The proclamation of the Messiah, is the deification of the dead hero on the cross, as solemnly proclaimed in the Letter to the Philippians (II, 7-10). Jesus, therefore, did not hold a messianic quality throughout their lives. Hence, Paul did not ever talk of the return of the Messiah, but simply of his coming. The first to speak of a first and a second was too late parousia Justin (Dialogue 1-4, 8: 40.4, 118.2). This belief explains the indifference of Paul definitely on the prophetic teaching of Jesus in Palestine because it was not teaching messianic, but, at most, a prophetic mission to a human environment limited almost exclusively to Palestine. With Paul also started the first skirmishes Trinitarians, ultimately being Paul, not Jesus, the real architect of the original Christian church Trinity.
This debate of ideas also implied political positions. For example, the Donatist movement or Arian forms of rebellion were expressed by various people against Roman imperialism, on the contrary substantially favored Trinitarian Christianity imperial integration.
Christology Pauline
The Andalusians called the crusaders " franyi " (FF), rumination (Roman) or "Kafir" (Arabic kafer ). After the death of Paul of Tarsus, the early Pauline communities are organized through the establishment of synods and make agreements on certain fixed rules: the rules of faith (regula fidei ), baptism, the canon of Scripture with the acceptance of the Torah or Old Testament, and the establishment of a monarchical episcopate (theory of consecration apostolic succession), atitulándose Catholic (universal). It leaves at least more participatory and democratic principle to adopt an authoritarian and hierarchical constitution, proclaiming the separation between clergy (bishops and priests) and lay (simple believers) without any real significance.
After the Edict of Milan proclaimed by Constantine and promulgating religious freedom for all peoples of the empire different Christological come join the messianic ideas of Paul with the logos of Greek philosophy (Irenaeus, Tertullian, Hippolytus Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen). These Christologist rejected, like Paul, the humanism of the culture of his time, looking at the world of Hellenistic and Jewish popular conceptions of a dualistic nature, the background against which to project his new theory of the "chosen people", now the church. The thesis of these Christologist is fundamentally the same as in the philosophy held Philo and Paul of Tarsus in theology: the image we have of God, according to these authors, determines the image we have of the world, trying to merge two cultural universes two different images of transcendence: as the god Hellenistic cosmological principle of necessity, like Judaism Yahweh, historical and personal, first emergency into one. There was no dialogue, but phagocytosis, is engulfed another, one upon the other in a long, heavy indigestion that resulted in the Christian West and its history. Something similar has been practiced by the States and Western empires of other cultures and other peoples, engulfing everything to prevent and difficult to tears the normal development of human civilizations.
The institutionalization of this phagocytosis is carried out with the Council of Nicaea in 325, convened and chaired by the Emperor Constantine and is pressed by force of arms for the formulation of a profession of faith Trinity (Creed), subject to the doctrine of Athanasius, the son is equal to the father homousios (identity of substance.)
The people of the Franks
A mid-fourth century Germanic tribes originating in their territories suffer from adverse climate changes with population increase, both factors will cause serious famines. In turn, the advance of the Huns who destroyed the kingdom of Ermanerico Ostrogoths in 375, is the immediate cause of the onslaught of the Germanic peoples on the lands and peoples that dominated the Roman Empire. The result is the dismemberment the total Western Roman Empire to be replaced by a patchwork of Germanic kingdoms. The Catholic Church, the guardian of power in Rome, seeks an historic pact with the Gothic kingdoms in order to replace and inherit the dislocated and the Western Roman Empire. This fails, because the Goths immigrant peoples had accepted Arianism as a result of the preaching of the bishop and his supporters Goth Ulfila between 310 to 380, translating to Gothic Biblical scripture known as Codex Argenteus Uppsala. The Arian Goths had suffered persecution, torture and killings at the hands of Catholics in the past covered Roman emperors, so that after several raids of plunder and other political events, marched on Rome laying siege to the city between 401 and 403. By paying a great tribute, Stilicho lift the siege and moved to Ravenna where he again lay siege to the emperor Honorius, signing an armistice that is not enforced. In 410 the Goths take and sack the city of Rome to Alaric, who later died in Cosenza. Ataulfo, Alaric's successor and brother, married the Roman prisoner Gala Placidia, sister of Emperor Honorius, his brother later founded the Visigothic kingdom Valia de Tolosa (Toulouse).
Franks gradually penetrate into the Southern Europe from the border of the Rhine, ending at the remains of Roman Clovis West by defeating the Duke Gallo-Roman Siagrio in 486, conquering the territory between the Somme and the Loire. Beat the Alemanni also leaving the northern part of the territory. Again, the Roman church Trinity (Catholic) offers a deal of power to the Franks. Clovis expansionist political interests accept this conspiracy, imposed Catholicism all the Franks from the Christmas of 497 years or 498, after being baptized Clovis at Reims by Bishop Remigius, Clovis thus get attracted to its expansion project French supporters of Roman imperialism more deciduous. Supported now by supporters bargundios and Roman Catholics, wins the battle of Vouillé in 507, conquered the Visigoth kingdom-Arian to the Pyrenees, the intervention of Theodoric prevented from reaching the Mediterranean. Arian remains Septimania and Visigoths.
From the year 545 the Arian Visigothic kingdom becomes territorially in the Iberian kingdom to a province gala (Septimania). Later, Tedisel is killed by supporters of Agila, causing the rebellion of the southern provinces in 552. The troops of Emperor Justinian come East in support of the rebellion of Andalusia, Andalusia and occupy the Carthaginians, to annex both Eastern provinces of the Empire under a magister militum. The peninsula is now administered three sovereigns: Sueva in Galicia, Byzantine province in Andalusia and North Africa-Mauritania Tingitania and Visigoths in the rest.
With Leovigildo (573-586) the Visigoths pursue an expansionist policy and centralizing in the Iberian Peninsula: take up residence in Toledo, fighting the Byzantines conquered Andalusia and the cities of Malaga, Cordoba and Sidonia; fight against Basques in 581, founding the city of Victoriaco (Vitoria), against the Swabians, incorporating the sovereignty Visigothic Galicia in 585, also attempts to subdue the Catholic groups, supporters of the new edition developed by the ancient Roman empire francs, Hermenegildo rebels against her father's ambitions, relying on the support of the Catholic minority and the frank, persuaded by the wily bishop Isidore and Leander Trinitarians dying in the attempt.
Recaredo Proclaimed king of the Visigoths in 586, a year later accepted at the request of Leander, bishop of the Roman minority Trinity, participate in a Catholic conspiracy, under a commitment to the defense of expansionist interests. Even before the opening of the Third Council of Toledo, basilicas Arian and their properties were given the minority Catholic Church. There is still an entry in the Toledo renamed Basilica of Santa Maria, where it says "Catholic was consecrated in April 12 the first year of the reign of our lord, the most glorious king, Flavio Recaredo, in the year 625 of the English was ", ie 587. Arian basilica's main capital of the Visigoth kingdom happens then at the hands of Catholics, who claim instituted as heirs and refounded the Roman imperialism, pursuing a sectarian policy, repressive and exclusive, in Proceedings of the Third Council of Toledo decreed the obligation accept the doctrine Catholic for all subjects of the kingdom. Sisebuto Catholic baptism enacted mandatory for all under penalty of expulsion.
Sisebuto organized a fleet against Andalusia and Byzantines, mainly Arians and contrary to Catholic exclusivism Gothic sovereignty, being cornered in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Algarve. But it will be Suintila (621-631) that weapons submitted by the Basques in northern Spain and Andalusia in the south, establishing its dominance in the province Tingitana-Mauritania in northern Africa, is incorporated into the Visigothic kingdom .
The situation has changed during the reign of Wamba (672-680) having faced with an invasion of the Franks led by Paulo in the provinces of Narbonne and Septimania-Tarragona, victim of a Catholic counter. The fight for the crown between the various claimants supporters and progressively weaken the Visigoth monarchy. Also throughout the seventh century, both in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, experiencing a serious push to transform the geographic territory of the current central Sahara desert. During this century, crop failures became more frequent. The phenomenon would vary according to locations and years, reaching a prompt and extremely serious among different populations mainland, resulting in the hunger riots and injustices of the Catholic tyranny. At the end of that century, the situation went from bad to worse, became untenable. The proclamation of a king Ervigio Visigothic Toledo leads the first open confrontation that will not finish until the year 687 with his death.
Egica The crisis continues to 702. His son Witiza is associated to the throne (702-710) calling the last Council of Toledo, the eighteenth, which the records were destroyed by the Catholics, they violated the orthodox Trinitarian Christianity Roman. However, it is faithfully attested by the anonymous Latin Chronicle. The coup Witiza rudder means in favor of Arianism, the majority among the population, along with a policy of freedom and respect for pluralism, prompts some chronic post-Catholic, like that of Alfonso III, fall away and point out that many priests and bishops pass Trinitarians the Arian side as Don Oppas. Also points to the same source: Episcopis, Diaconis et uxor presbyteris proecepit habere ("He urged the bishops, priests and deacons to have women"). The author of the chronicle of Alfonso III is inconclusive regarding Witiza : Censorship ecclesiastico consurgeret. Concilia disolvit canons .. obseravit (opposed to the ecclesiastical rules. He has dissolved councils. He has written Canons). Witiza had turned his back to the elite Catholic and start again fighting for the crown.
They believe most authors Witiza must have died in the years 708-709. Had joined the throne to his son Achila, but the death of his father could not stay in power by his minority even with the assistance of his guardian, Rechesindo, which should be Arian. Supporters Goths and bishops of the Trinity-Catholic side, the opportunity to rebel, causing the overall reaction from the population as were hostile. The war became widespread after the proclamation of Roderico in Toledo by an assembly of Catholic bishops and courtiers, the fighting lasted about seventy years, until the 770 or so, prelude and prologue of the Islamic revolution, formation of Al-Andalus and the end of the kingdom Visigoths.
The Franks and the Crusades
In 751 Pepin was proclaimed king of "all Franks in Soissons. For the first time a Frankish king received the holy oil of Trinity Church, anointed by the archbishop Boniface Roman papal legate. Pippin, along with their descendants, the pope received the title of Patricius Romanorum (protector of the Romans), starting the first war against the Arians and other unit of Narbonne in 759. But it will be in the year 777 when Charlemagne allied with Rome started the first war against the Muslims of Al-Andalus and the Arians or Unitarians other peoples of the Iberian Peninsula. Charlemagne's conquest of Pamplona and lay siege to Zaragoza. The assistance from the Andalusian city receives this, forced Charlemagne to lift the siege and return to France. In the French army flight suffers a serious defeat inflicted by the Andalusians and Basques in the gorge Roncesvalles. Subsequently the Andalusians are directed to Narbonne to release, which leads to Charlemagne to a new war and subsequent agreements with the Andalusians to establish the Hispanic, French county home in Catalonia. The year 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor formula gubernans Imperium Romanum . Under Charlemagne, is the church frankly imperial Rome. The religious attitude of the emperor and the pope is totally determined by political and expansionist, supporting each other in a policy of Christianity as the commitment to Catholicism was itself a bid for Roman neo-imperialism. With the dogma of the trinity formula, Charlemagne and the pope sought to standardize and perpetuate the Roman Empire, now ex-Catholic, trying to bring the different peoples and cultures: Slavic, Alamanni, Germans, Iberians, etc.. to the same law and religion of the empire.
The main opposition to this project imperial expansionism was found in the different peoples of the Iberian Peninsula. Unitary civilization had always been of great significance in the history and identity of the Iberian peoples. Menéndez y Pelayo writes: "It's insignificant number of" gods "that can be said indigenous Iberians." Augustine assigns the Andalusians (turdetanos and ancient Iberians) Unitarian. In his "City of God", Chapter IX of the seventh book, he attributes the news of a single god, the author of creation ..., impersonal, inconceivable, incorruptible, in short, an entire unit to epistemology news of which had reached these Iberian peoples, according to Augustine of Hippo, thanks to the teachings of their prophets and sages. This would lead to Arianism in Andalusia, Valencia and Basque, along with Priscillianism in Galicia, became a positive expectation to the transmission of Islam as a prophetic maturity and universality.
Islam was creating a universe, not exclusive, peoples and cultures. A civilization that did emerge plural women and men of mere sufficiency by securing harmony between reality and consciousness plural unit, between the person and community among peoples of different cultures and the Ummah or nation without universal borders, open dialogue between civilizations. Humanity met one of its great periods of glory.
Meanwhile, the idea that Charlemagne and the Catholic clergy have the imperium is a mix between tradition and designing cesarean Germanic priestly monarchy influenced by the Augustinian thought civitate dei. The imperial dignity, now gives the Pope of Rome as a translator imperii or supreme authority. Charlemagne claimed the right to direct church affairs also: presiding over the synod, established the ecclesiastical tithe, the creation of metropolitan districts (12 French archbishop, 5 Italians and 4 Germans), as well as independent parishes in rural areas. We can see still in 814 the Roman Catholic Church did not have any metropolitan district in the Iberian Peninsula, ie, there was a population and Catholic tradition significant.
Catholic Emperor Charlemagne promotes the standardization of the liturgy according to the Roman Rite, will have the power to appoint lay people of his confidence as bishops and abbots, turning them into officials involved in the expansion of the empire along the Catholic Christianity. It begins as an open policy of Christianity and crusade war against the Iberian peoples.
monasteries become true Trojan horses in the different brands of the Peninsula. Declared mandatory rule for all Benedictine monasteries of the Frankish Empire dependent. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, compared the process of secularization of Catholic monastic life as a result of the enormous power of the feudal church, and to the assertion of secular lords who sought jurisdiction over monasteries situated in their domains, comes from the Cluniac movement, radiating from the abbeys of Cluny, founded in 910 - and Gorze. Advocates for the exclusive protection of the pope and not the bishop or lord, the implementation of strict discipline and strengthening the authority of the abbot. About 200 monasteries passed to form a congregation under the obedience of the French abbot of Cluny. It was the best organized and disciplined fifth column in the service of ex-Roman expansionism.
From Pelayo (718-737) and Alfonso (739-757), Asturias repopulated francs, fortifying the border with the advanced points of Andalusia, in the Asturias loot 794-95. Navarra is independence between Andalusia and forthright. The province boasts the Septimania-Narbonne is administered by the Andalusians, who are rejected at the Battle of Poitiers (732). The Septimania is incorporated into the Frankish kingdom by Pepin the Short, twenty years later. Charlemagne (768-814), emperor of the Franks, conquers the peninsular territories north of the Ebro and annexed to the Frankish Empire, founding and repopulating francs counties of Castile, Aragon, Sobrarbe, Ribagorza and Pallars, in addition to the Catalan counties of the brand called Hispanic. Massive afforestation French francs, taking place between the years 801 with the conquest of Barcelona and 897 with the franc Wilfred I the Hairy, the conquest leads to the line of Llobregat, forcing the Iberian population of this part of the Tarragona old to convert to Catholicism. Thus the Frankish conquest and annexation to the empire all along the Cantabrian and Pyrenees, and to maintain this corridor, like a backfire against Islam and the aspirations of freedom and independence that the administration had achieved the different Andalusian villages Iberian is to weave the assembly the tomb of Santiago de Compostela.
is from Alfonso II el Casto with the invention of "discovery" of the body of Santiago Compostela, when the Frankish kings make political use of this road to connect the northern peninsula with the Frankish Empire, as to create another to Rome for the same purpose. King Alfonso concerned about the restructuring of the kingdom of León following the canons of the Carolingian Empire and also need to overcome the resistance unit of Al-Andalus, to use the road to Santiago as a barrier to the center and south of the peninsula, making it apostle permanent symbol of the struggle against Islam. Society Leon has already become in times of Alfonso II in an ex-Catholic monarchy, which begins to develop the myth of "Christian Hispaniam" formed around the supposed tomb of St. James all ideological assembly. Later, the Aragonese monarchy will do as much of the same, taking the other symbol "santiaguista": a supposed pillar on which an alleged virgin appeared to a supposed apostle. And, until the seventeenth century will last attempt to violate the territories and populations through a policy of expansion of Christianity based on "Santiago Matamoros". Even moderate fraction Moorish try to avoid marginalization of Muslim populations by bringing to light the revelations Sacromonte San Cecilio, a disciple of course! of that course Santiago.
The Trinity Christian kingdom of León is basically because the road to Santiago joins the ex-Roman empire. However, there is much evidence of French colonialism to be born the idea of \u200b\u200bunity is still a Hispano-Christian people and above all, the ideology of reconquista.
In the argument, it easily has introduced a fallacy: that the confrontation that occurs in the Indian peninsula was between Christians and suspected foreign Arabs, and French Christians to identify those which have been the kingdom of Castile in the eleventh century, the Visigoth management unit in the eighth century. The search for this identification was something that was pursued for some time, and this purpose is where your petition was forced to Emir Al-Taifa of Seville Mutadid the body of St. Isidore of Seville to take him to in times of Fernando Leon I, father of Alfonso VI. Soon after, with the gold that provide the tribute paid by the Taifa kingdoms Muslims built the Basilica of Santiago de Compostela and San Isidoro de León, turned into a symbol of a conquest that conceals a new French expansionism in Peninsula.
administering Castilla The French take over the geographical concept of Hispaniam, to the detriment of al-Andalus, but in reality, to the detriment of all peoples of the Iberian Peninsula. From a geographical concept (the Roman Hispaniam) develops a concept supported expansionist policy of the Roman church, which from the twelfth century is the main agent of this ideology of Christianity, transforming the concept of the other ex-imperial pyramid pyramid English monarchy, using support and ideological legitimacy as the words cross the pontiffs, " is not contrary to Catholic faith and pursue exterminate the Saracens (Muslims), because, similarly to what we read in the book of Maccabees, Christians are not intended to take over foreign lands, but inheritance of their fathers, who was unjustly held by the enemies of the cross of Christ for some time. It is also legitimate and supported by the right people in the places occupied by the enemies who hold to the divine majesty insult the pious expel the wicked the just unjust ... "
1000 and 1035, most of Navarre Sancho is subjected to French expansionism reform allowing Benedictine, Cluniac base between the territories Basques for catolización. Later, the French king, Philip the house dared to Juana, heiress of the kingdom of Navarre, with his son Philip IV Navarra being incorporated into France until 1328, achieving the goal of French imperialism domination throughout northern Spain . The only bastion of independence would Iberian Andalusian administration. This Franco-Roman neo-imperialist policy is only restricted by the Andalusian, which for the Al-Mansur (Mansur), arrive in Barcelona aceifas to 985, 988 and León in Santiago de Compostela in 997, with the intention to stop the ex-Roman expansionist aggression.
's warmongering ideology of Christianity professed Catholics, the unlimited expansion of this church at that historic moment ex-imperialism takes up with small local power ambitions, will cause the outbreak of a genocidal policy christened Crusaders name. The Catholic Church, the landed gentry and the burghers of the shopping emporiums (Genoa, Venice, etc..) Leverage the demographic increase central Europe to unleash this attack without limitation: the northern barbarians are already subject to the authority of the pope Roman, and so do the Hungarians who have formed a Catholic monarchy dependent on the Holy See, Byzantium is at its weakest, since the Normans have conquered their Italian possessions, and the Turks of Asia Minor. Are chosen in this way two ways of aggression and extermination of civilians: the West the Camino de Santiago and to the East Road of the Holy Sepulchre, roads opened to those miserable masses, new trade routes or easy gold to their bishops and gentlemen feudal seeking the prey of those peoples and Muslim lands. In this situation, this mental baggage, opens a genocidal movement as noted in involved most of Europe, led by the Catholic Church.
Like after the conquest of the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Frankish crusading princes divided the conquered territories constitute the kingdom of Jerusalem, several principalities, duchies and counties, something similar happens in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French (FF) founded kingdoms such as the Lion, counties such as Castilla and Aragon, afforestation and be managed by French lords to serve the Franco-Roman expansionism. Still at this time had not been invented the myth of Christian Spain.
The ideological apparatus was run by the French abbots of the order of Cluny, characters very prominent in the history of France and other kingdoms subjects such as Navarre, French or new foundations as Castile, Aragon and Catalonia. The St. Odilon was known as something like the plenipotentiary ambassador of the Iberian Peninsula will ex-Roman empire. Aside from participating in the French colonization of Northern Peninsular is the highlight of introducing ex-Roman monasticism in the rest of peninsular Mozarabism acting Trojan horse, taking advantage of the freedoms and tolerance they enjoyed the different cultures in Al-Andalus and administered by the marks of sovereignty Andalus. This monk named St. Odilon also maintained close relations with the Holy Roman Emperor, with King Stephen of Hungary, Casimir of Poland, among others, encouraging a very special way to cross the genocide against the Andalusian and other Iberian peoples free. Will be at this time that the Roman Church was officially established in Castile and this is definitively incorporated into the ex-Roman West.
The origins of Castilla
Brief north of the Ebro territory conquered by the Franks of Charlemagne to the Basque-Iberian, formerly known as Bardulia territory, according to the Chronicle Albeldense "qui nuc Bardulia vacitatur Castella . "pitch and fortified Territory mountains, which more or less coincide with what is now the judicial district of Villarcayo and maybe part of Sedano, and served as an outpost to the ex-Roman expansionism. Immense natural fortress that opens with the grave of the Ebro in the south, with the wall of the mountains in the southeast Obarenes; by Peñagobla beds, and Peñalva Sierra Saved by the East, where natural open access to the Basque Country in areas immediately romance is lost by the Basque toponymy. Until the very Claudio Sánchez Albornoz is saying what needs to recognize that Castilla "did not arise as an extension of an old English village ..."; but primitive then tries to embellish and invent a kind of solar synthesis of ancient Iberian tribes inhabitants of these lands (Cantabria, austrigones, Várdulos and turmogos), by failing to recognize, in short, Castilla is a French colonial monstrosity against the independence and freedoms of the tribes and peoples of Iberian Peninsula.
The French army set out in Castilla is fundamentally offensive. The cavalry carried the weight of shares, going horse and rider covered with coats of mail, which tried major war costs. It is in this military concept which appeared in the benefit as compensation for these expenses. Thus begin to take until the twelfth century what might be called as land border or anyone. Once conquered militarily outposts marks and minor Andalusian population, with the fall of Al-Mansur and the dismemberment of the caliphate Andalusian stocking policy change radically, taking on a contract to equip the Christian kings to the people population outside border statutes or Extremadura.
The administrative breakup of Al-Andalus with the collapse of the caliphate, it allows a window of opportunity for ex-Roman expansionism in the Peninsula, but not demographic potential to settle new lands, do have military potential to undertake new run and devastation, becoming outcasts who become a usual source of income of extraordinary importance.
Before Alfonso VI would decide to cut the vital bond between Al-Andalus and its brands conquering Toledo, practice this policy of raids : Alfonso was launched ... with an innumerable army of Christians: Franks, Basques, and Gallegos, crossed Al-Andalus stopping at each of its cities, destroying, ruining, killing and capturing, to go after another. Sevilla then camped and stayed there for three days, devastated the region and broke Aljarafe sweeping the many villages. Sidonia did the same and its region, then came to the Island of Tarifa, got the legs of his horse into the sea and said: THIS IS THE END OF THE COUNTRY OF AL-Andalus and I have WALKED.
In the period starts after the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI franc in 1085, met for the first time the large Muslim population, Jewish and Moorish city of Toledo and its surroundings, can not be replaced by the conquerors, either because they have people to do so, either by the demographic importance of autochthonous element for the future could mean a serious setback to this expansionist policy. Therefore have to modify the system of domination and colonization. This indicates also, incidentally, that the previous settlement population had to be of great importance, since more than the conquest of al-Andalus, was the destruction of their defensive barriers. It is from here that the ex-Roman conquerors need of assimilation, ideological, to be carried out with the development of the myth of Christian Spain, articulated by the Catholic Church and its ideology of Christianity.
policy ex-Roman cross resumes with Alfonso VII the Emperor (the Andalusian was called the sultanillo ). Castilian expansionism crusade, fully identified with the commercial purpose of the Italian cities of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Pisa and Genoa basically, start looking to Almeria, a city closed the East Castilla expansionist triangle on the Peninsula. Genoese Crusaders landed yourself on the beaches of Almeria in 1146, looting everything they could and demanding payment of 100,000 morabitín (Almoravid currency later would lead to the penny Castilian). Pope Eugenius III, a French Cistercian raised to the power of the Holy See by Frenchman Bernard of Clairvaux gave character to the company doing cross appealed to all European realms in addition to Castilian and Catalan-Aragonese. Thus, the following year formed a huge army, swelled by Genoese and Pisan papal mercenaries concentrates before the walls of the city. The Genoese had assembled for the company 63 galleries and 163 ships of all types, all well organized that the Andalusian judged in the previous thousand years had not met a navy and an army so well ordered.
Caffaro, Genoese consul had already participated in the first assault, the army gives us the following data collected: 2,000 riders. Pawns to serve 10,000 and 15,000 infants; some 25,000 sailors and rowers. From all this army only a few hundred thousand horsemen and infantry were Castile and Navarre, five hundred thirty horsemen and two thousand more laborers were Catalonia and Aragon.
But elaborating on the origin of Castile, the data offered the place names are of outstanding value by applying a proper standard and judged accordingly: with the exception of the profusion of names of saints as a result of the intense monastic activity prior to colonization of the French military, there are many place names from the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest and romanization: names like Villabezana in Alava, south of Nela Bezana, have an adjectival suffix in ana, is abundant in various parts of the Peninsula, especially in Andalusia, Murcia and Badajoz (Totana, Guadiana, Cantillana, Fiñana, Chiclana, et., etc). In the north and Castilla appear in the valley of Mena: Lezana, Leciñana, Maltrana, and getting in Vizcaya, always on Cadagua, and even find Orvijana Luchana, near Bilbao.
An important focus we have in the southeastern corner of the lands and peoples over which the organized French imperialism Castilian colonial county: Extremiana, Leciñana, Corman and Lomas. Ebro downstream are observed: Anan, in and of Alava, with its famous salt, so often released by the Andalusians and re-conquered by the Franks, and above Berberana in the judicial district of Villarcayo. Then continue through the valley of berries, Luciñana, Surijana, in the valley and its tributary Zadorra Help (Arabic aiiada, with the same meaning) are Lacorzana, Escanazana, Ozana, Arana, Luciñana of the Goose, Antezana, Subijana de Alava, Crispijana, Lopidana, and higher than all its plain Vitoria, find Durana, Retana, Maturana (who is also in Andalusia), Audicana, Adana, Ordoñana ... All of these names we should consider as a reminder of past and contemporary Iberian villas to Romanization since as is well established, we can not talk about Berber conquerors and settlers arrived in the Iberian Peninsula from 711.
For space reasons, we can not dwell on this work, but in summary, we note that the only true conquerors, foreigners abroad as peninsular history were at first the Romans and the Swabians, Vandals and Goths, and as a climax of the Franks, and Catholics who supported the Roman ideology of Christianity, conquered and attacked our people and lands of the Iberian Peninsula. Were these franyi (francs) roumis (Roman) or savages, as they called the Andalusian (Muslims, Jews and Christians), of which the Moors were the last witnesses of identity and sovereignty, freedoms Iberian bulwark against the expansionist aggressor and Christian franyi -Roman.
* [Abd al Rahman] Antonio Medina Molera , was born in Belalcázar (Córdoba, 1952). He graduated in Theology Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid, the English Institute for Foreign Missions and the Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, BA in Philosophy and Education at the University of Seville.
led the research journal and thought Lamalif Al-Andalus (1989-1992). Filmmaker-author of the Museum project for dialogue between cultures Torre de la Calahorra, located in the city of Cordoba, the Foundation hired by Roger Garaudy, whose Arichivos Library is driving.
Antonio Medina is a contributor to the magazine Index, The European Doubloon, International History and New Life, among others. Y editorial director of the Andalusian Editions Library. (Sevilla 1979), where he directed a history of Andalusia, and a Biographical Dictionary and Terminology Andaluz and volume monograph The Age of Blas Infante. Also, among his publications are The first Andalusian also known (Al-Qibla), and Genealogy and work of Ibn Al-A'rabi (Al-Qibla).
(Bio statement taken from http://www.edicionescarena.org/contact/40 )
0 comments:
Post a Comment